DNSSEC Debugger - columbia.edu

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Domain Name:

Detail: more(+) / less(-)

Time: 2026-10-14 02:35:04 UTC

Analyzing DNSSEC problems for columbia.edu

DS=20326/SHA-256 is now in the chain-of-trust

DS=38696/SHA-256 is now in the chain-of-trust

	Checking DS between Trust Anchor and .
	`. IN DS ( 20326 8 2 e06d44b80b8f1d39a95c0b0d7c65d08458e880409bbc683457104237c7f8ec8d )`
	`. IN DS ( 38696 8 2 683d2d0acb8c9b712a1948b27f741219298d0a450d612c483af444a4c0fb2b16 )`
	Query to h.root-servers.net for ./DNSKEY
	Received 1139 bytes from 198.97.190.53
	;; Response received from [198.97.190.53] 1139 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 21298 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 4 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; . IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (4 records) . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAcorNxNc9t0ue1ZenPjVMRujlQ2YLBJ0pR/4XMjHby9vr03cRxFSKnWpxeg5PL384D9VeqdS 1bjrGyTsHtoagzI3NiXFd8sjHMOnZxu5pp/+UBIg7tasYgVMMdUiM1Yu/c+t30d1Qw/v6NYLNnOn ywTu6HuUh7Y1sZRq/GZcrxLENXHQoyKpOrOr8R3+qd6wK69IKB80ZBZtkX9rdEqKJk+yYXjEZzZ0 zkAFthmNgCreAoU9PVlU66dyOsaLjf3wKUlUm9SNOKs+tK6LuSmRbK6+1T/tPaRaMBSEuv2G6vXf nJ1uyMbGvtpRn/YDcvTjrp6DzE6XyF44QdwJ3oKx4ek= ) ; keytag 8763 . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAaz/tAm8yTn4Mfeh5eyI96WSVexTBAvkMgJzkKTOiW1vkIbzxeF3+/4RgWOq7HrxRixHlFlE xOLAJr5emLvN7SWXgnLh4+B5xQlNVz8Og8kvArMtNROxVQuCaSnIDdD5LKyWbRd2n9WGe2R8PzgC mr3EgVLrjyBxWezF0jLHwVN8efS3rCj/EWgvIWgb9tarpVUDK/b58Da+sqqls3eNbuv7pr+eoZG+ SrDK6nWeL3c6H5Apxz7LjVc1uTIdsIXxuOLYA4/ilBmSVIzuDWfdRUfhHdY6+cn8HFRm+2hM8AnX GXws9555KrUB5qihylGa8subX2Nn6UwNR1AkUTV74bU= ) ; keytag 20326 . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAa96jeuknZlaeSrvyAJj6ZHv28hhOKkx3rLGXVaC6rXTsDc449/cidltpkyGwCJNnOAlFNKF 2jBosZBU5eeHspaQWOmOElZsjICMQMC3aeHbGiShvZsx4wMYSjH8e7Vrhbu6irwCzVBApESjbUdp WWmEnhathWu1jo+siFUiRAAxm9qyJNg/wOZqqzL/dL/q8PkcRU5oUKEpUge71M3ej2/7CPqpdVwu MoTvoB+ZOT4YeGyxMvHmbrxlFzGOHOijtzN+u1TQNatX2XBuzZNQ1K+s2CXkPIZo7s6JgZyvaBev YtxPvYLw4z9mR7K2vaF18UYH9Z9GNUUeayffKC73PYc= ) ; keytag 38696 . 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 8 0 172800 20261101000000 20261011000000 38696 . llXxlp+gWc4h/F9G8UPj3VXhNDQoZrco3Piivk7YMKS7pi8B+CBQHHPO/QNw+VfpNq7CtBDA6gxu cyia1ZZx8yM0oLve7qJKgPuRVNnw5AOegtdxy+NKSy8rT6XNtCdM2gL9EmqKux+/JNATbZG2efGk VpHuirkq0Vs1bvYglVl6fvHbqoHpfjbnHVheuKpq+HvdsZOphoEJu74Y4lpYNBNTJijGgajnJ64A UMPbMfu76uLi68CcWKDGWhzCNeSwnSjK7CA6aKte5StW61Nuz0Nv8mvzqMX0epPQ7lXJ9Yc/6850 81BdzAYK3yMAfTOqL4EgluNZQAtAAh9bseJVyw== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 3 DNSKEY records for .
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAcorNxNc9t0ue1ZenPjVMRujlQ2YLBJ0pR/4XMjHby9vr03cRxFSKnWpxeg5PL384D9VeqdS 1bjrGyTsHtoagzI3NiXFd8sjHMOnZxu5pp/+UBIg7tasYgVMMdUiM1Yu/c+t30d1Qw/v6NYLNnOn ywTu6HuUh7Y1sZRq/GZcrxLENXHQoyKpOrOr8R3+qd6wK69IKB80ZBZtkX9rdEqKJk+yYXjEZzZ0 zkAFthmNgCreAoU9PVlU66dyOsaLjf3wKUlUm9SNOKs+tK6LuSmRbK6+1T/tPaRaMBSEuv2G6vXf nJ1uyMbGvtpRn/YDcvTjrp6DzE6XyF44QdwJ3oKx4ek= ) ; keytag 8763`
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAaz/tAm8yTn4Mfeh5eyI96WSVexTBAvkMgJzkKTOiW1vkIbzxeF3+/4RgWOq7HrxRixHlFlE xOLAJr5emLvN7SWXgnLh4+B5xQlNVz8Og8kvArMtNROxVQuCaSnIDdD5LKyWbRd2n9WGe2R8PzgC mr3EgVLrjyBxWezF0jLHwVN8efS3rCj/EWgvIWgb9tarpVUDK/b58Da+sqqls3eNbuv7pr+eoZG+ SrDK6nWeL3c6H5Apxz7LjVc1uTIdsIXxuOLYA4/ilBmSVIzuDWfdRUfhHdY6+cn8HFRm+2hM8AnX GXws9555KrUB5qihylGa8subX2Nn6UwNR1AkUTV74bU= ) ; keytag 20326`
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAa96jeuknZlaeSrvyAJj6ZHv28hhOKkx3rLGXVaC6rXTsDc449/cidltpkyGwCJNnOAlFNKF 2jBosZBU5eeHspaQWOmOElZsjICMQMC3aeHbGiShvZsx4wMYSjH8e7Vrhbu6irwCzVBApESjbUdp WWmEnhathWu1jo+siFUiRAAxm9qyJNg/wOZqqzL/dL/q8PkcRU5oUKEpUge71M3ej2/7CPqpdVwu MoTvoB+ZOT4YeGyxMvHmbrxlFzGOHOijtzN+u1TQNatX2XBuzZNQ1K+s2CXkPIZo7s6JgZyvaBev YtxPvYLw4z9mR7K2vaF18UYH9Z9GNUUeayffKC73PYc= ) ; keytag 38696`
	DNSKEY=20326/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DS=20326/SHA-256 verifies DNSKEY=20326/SEP
	DNSKEY=38696/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DS=38696/SHA-256 verifies DNSKEY=38696/SEP
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DNSKEY RRset
	`. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 8 0 172800 20261101000000 20261011000000 38696 . llXxlp+gWc4h/F9G8UPj3VXhNDQoZrco3Piivk7YMKS7pi8B+CBQHHPO/QNw+VfpNq7CtBDA6gxu cyia1ZZx8yM0oLve7qJKgPuRVNnw5AOegtdxy+NKSy8rT6XNtCdM2gL9EmqKux+/JNATbZG2efGk VpHuirkq0Vs1bvYglVl6fvHbqoHpfjbnHVheuKpq+HvdsZOphoEJu74Y4lpYNBNTJijGgajnJ64A UMPbMfu76uLi68CcWKDGWhzCNeSwnSjK7CA6aKte5StW61Nuz0Nv8mvzqMX0epPQ7lXJ9Yc/6850 81BdzAYK3yMAfTOqL4EgluNZQAtAAh9bseJVyw== )`
	RRSIG=38696 and DNSKEY=38696/SEP verifies the DNSKEY RRset
	DNSKEY=8763 is now in the chain-of-trust
	Query to a.root-servers.net for columbia.edu/A
	Received 1171 bytes from 198.41.0.4
	;; Response received from [198.41.0.4] 1171 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 21255 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 15 arcount = 27 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (15 records) edu. 172800 IN NS d.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS b.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS f.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS h.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS l.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS j.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS e.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS c.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS a.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS g.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS i.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS m.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS k.edu-servers.net. edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20261026200000 20261013190000 8763 . k7g3A85daSSMTBTH+PDdX+eUd4iZfeOkoaCXzULkALbeqXhI2qyNwSm9/kl20NtwfivADI7ljG/I qJo4yIR/b/mcWRffrZry0Q4G8VaWKe9wZJKksjhVEVKRBCr48gyGiE/CzPD6WqSFISKPjdzQBebr X+trwqWMJW0iAavBGZ8+j29oTrNO3sewMhlj0FJIjmNej6uDRfsmw2TLcsSrMjBoPCH51EFkUXy9 jD3lDzYEZMqpJRu0lZoBCCSYvi3re4Zv+/SuPHA0XF8ta7COtU+kJGyH526dr8fVnJrx3QCm+OBN LNrJrNfbgG5xLhVanbI01gur4xYwWDSSZa3fEw== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (27 records) d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.31.80.30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:856e::30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.33.14.30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:231d::2:30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.35.51.30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d414::30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.54.112.30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:8cc::30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.41.162.30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:d937::30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.48.79.30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:7094::30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.12.94.30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:1ca1::30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.26.92.30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:83eb::30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.42.93.30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:eea3::30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.43.172.30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:39c1::30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.55.83.30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:501:b1f9::30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.52.178.30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d2d::30 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to k.root-servers.net for edu/DNSKEY
	Received 1162 bytes from 193.0.14.129
	;; Response received from [193.0.14.129] 1162 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 38394 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 15 arcount = 27 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (15 records) edu. 172800 IN NS a.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS b.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS c.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS d.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS e.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS f.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS g.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS h.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS i.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS j.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS k.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS l.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS m.edu-servers.net. edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20261026200000 20261013190000 8763 . k7g3A85daSSMTBTH+PDdX+eUd4iZfeOkoaCXzULkALbeqXhI2qyNwSm9/kl20NtwfivADI7ljG/I qJo4yIR/b/mcWRffrZry0Q4G8VaWKe9wZJKksjhVEVKRBCr48gyGiE/CzPD6WqSFISKPjdzQBebr X+trwqWMJW0iAavBGZ8+j29oTrNO3sewMhlj0FJIjmNej6uDRfsmw2TLcsSrMjBoPCH51EFkUXy9 jD3lDzYEZMqpJRu0lZoBCCSYvi3re4Zv+/SuPHA0XF8ta7COtU+kJGyH526dr8fVnJrx3QCm+OBN LNrJrNfbgG5xLhVanbI01gur4xYwWDSSZa3fEw== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (27 records) a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.33.14.30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.26.92.30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.31.80.30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.12.94.30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.35.51.30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.42.93.30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.54.112.30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.43.172.30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.48.79.30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.52.178.30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.41.162.30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.55.83.30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:231d::2:30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:83eb::30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:856e::30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:1ca1::30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d414::30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:eea3::30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:8cc::30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:39c1::30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:7094::30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d2d::30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:d937::30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:501:b1f9::30 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found child zone edu

edu

	Checking DS between . and edu
	Query to m.root-servers.net for edu/DS
	Received 367 bytes from 202.12.27.33
	;; Response received from [202.12.27.33] 367 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 24359 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DS ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20261026200000 20261013190000 8763 . k7g3A85daSSMTBTH+PDdX+eUd4iZfeOkoaCXzULkALbeqXhI2qyNwSm9/kl20NtwfivADI7ljG/I qJo4yIR/b/mcWRffrZry0Q4G8VaWKe9wZJKksjhVEVKRBCr48gyGiE/CzPD6WqSFISKPjdzQBebr X+trwqWMJW0iAavBGZ8+j29oTrNO3sewMhlj0FJIjmNej6uDRfsmw2TLcsSrMjBoPCH51EFkUXy9 jD3lDzYEZMqpJRu0lZoBCCSYvi3re4Zv+/SuPHA0XF8ta7COtU+kJGyH526dr8fVnJrx3QCm+OBN LNrJrNfbgG5xLhVanbI01gur4xYwWDSSZa3fEw== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 1 DS records for edu in the . zone
	DS=35663/SHA-256 has algorithm ECDSAP256SHA256
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DS RRset
	`edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20261026200000 20261013190000 8763 . k7g3A85daSSMTBTH+PDdX+eUd4iZfeOkoaCXzULkALbeqXhI2qyNwSm9/kl20NtwfivADI7ljG/I qJo4yIR/b/mcWRffrZry0Q4G8VaWKe9wZJKksjhVEVKRBCr48gyGiE/CzPD6WqSFISKPjdzQBebr X+trwqWMJW0iAavBGZ8+j29oTrNO3sewMhlj0FJIjmNej6uDRfsmw2TLcsSrMjBoPCH51EFkUXy9 jD3lDzYEZMqpJRu0lZoBCCSYvi3re4Zv+/SuPHA0XF8ta7COtU+kJGyH526dr8fVnJrx3QCm+OBN LNrJrNfbgG5xLhVanbI01gur4xYwWDSSZa3fEw== )`
	RRSIG=8763 and DNSKEY=8763 verifies the DS RRset
	DS=35663/SHA-256 is now in the chain-of-trust
	`edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d )`
	Query to g.edu-servers.net for edu/DNSKEY
	Received 371 bytes from 192.42.93.30
	;; Response received from [192.42.93.30] 371 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 26915 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 4 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (4 records) edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 zAqryeCjpupNPEViVbvwhuSF2fdj1eJ/WGdG/p3FzDHVoJku0c4ZSOAdhfMUHSbGWFYOLm4QCad1 71+wlW9SEA== ) ; keytag 32951 edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 /wryn57986cSrM6e2SVDL1jtnHPoPqjPRw0z/jlp5BJ6PNc5Jt0Y/Jw3eWBbu6ZJCry4ooX5uE6U 1swz4VmIRA== ) ; keytag 6705 edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 vqk4cwmCpZkXat25PaOVt3RPYDOmCr8B4D1IynrqSqzs+BeCYI6pnBNRUD9BgfqbxZHyfyDz6vbv 8KQaT7maRw== ) ; keytag 35663 edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20261027151114 20261012150614 35663 edu. i4EHy9tSbzhXHoiv49xYoK+5IajtsX2/WmajNYD+oYvR1XYO+ZUAV8XtxYm/jVx8ASoMuugxtlEi 0nrDCYgDEQ== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 3 DNSKEY records for edu
	`edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 zAqryeCjpupNPEViVbvwhuSF2fdj1eJ/WGdG/p3FzDHVoJku0c4ZSOAdhfMUHSbGWFYOLm4QCad1 71+wlW9SEA== ) ; keytag 32951`
	`edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 /wryn57986cSrM6e2SVDL1jtnHPoPqjPRw0z/jlp5BJ6PNc5Jt0Y/Jw3eWBbu6ZJCry4ooX5uE6U 1swz4VmIRA== ) ; keytag 6705`
	`edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 vqk4cwmCpZkXat25PaOVt3RPYDOmCr8B4D1IynrqSqzs+BeCYI6pnBNRUD9BgfqbxZHyfyDz6vbv 8KQaT7maRw== ) ; keytag 35663`
	DNSKEY=35663/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DS=35663/SHA-256 verifies DNSKEY=35663/SEP
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DNSKEY RRset
	`edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20261027151114 20261012150614 35663 edu. i4EHy9tSbzhXHoiv49xYoK+5IajtsX2/WmajNYD+oYvR1XYO+ZUAV8XtxYm/jVx8ASoMuugxtlEi 0nrDCYgDEQ== )`
	RRSIG=35663 and DNSKEY=35663/SEP verifies the DNSKEY RRset
	DNSKEY=32951 is now in the chain-of-trust
	DNSKEY=6705 is now in the chain-of-trust
	Query to i.edu-servers.net for columbia.edu/A
	Received 519 bytes from 192.43.172.30
	;; Response received from [192.43.172.30] 519 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 36306 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 8 arcount = 2 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (8 records) columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS auth1.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS auth2.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS ns1.lse.ac.uk. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261019034430 20261012023430 6705 edu. S3tsL3WV6baK5rRRdlyrvxMWzaVf3k0zsRz28gd6uaHIz6d08iBNNXefPwsXFjM//IiSdJm1J1nc YKSti/PFAw== ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 84r3vll0i0qrhsi5n9sj2knksff0jnmp NS DS RRSIG ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261020034154 20261013023154 6705 edu. rL+V8cfa6PUeB4jNuiDmzpecf7bRpziOGfVFFwa4Iq708IYA0Zi9mg7VXuBthSTrdM2uSyE6mfQi BaIZQbaEWA== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (2 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 172800 IN A 128.59.1.1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to g.edu-servers.net for columbia.edu/DNSKEY
	Received 519 bytes from 192.42.93.30
	;; Response received from [192.42.93.30] 519 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 2709 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 8 arcount = 2 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (8 records) columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS auth1.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS auth2.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS ns1.lse.ac.uk. columbia.edu. 172800 IN NS ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261019034430 20261012023430 6705 edu. S3tsL3WV6baK5rRRdlyrvxMWzaVf3k0zsRz28gd6uaHIz6d08iBNNXefPwsXFjM//IiSdJm1J1nc YKSti/PFAw== ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 84r3vll0i0qrhsi5n9sj2knksff0jnmp NS DS RRSIG ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261020034154 20261013023154 6705 edu. rL+V8cfa6PUeB4jNuiDmzpecf7bRpziOGfVFFwa4Iq708IYA0Zi9mg7VXuBthSTrdM2uSyE6mfQi BaIZQbaEWA== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (2 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 172800 IN A 128.59.1.1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found child zone columbia.edu

columbia.edu

	Checking DS between edu and columbia.edu
	Query to m.edu-servers.net for columbia.edu/DS
	Received 572 bytes from 192.55.83.30
	;; Response received from [192.55.83.30] 572 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 45149 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 6 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN DS ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (6 records) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261019034430 20261012023430 6705 edu. S3tsL3WV6baK5rRRdlyrvxMWzaVf3k0zsRz28gd6uaHIz6d08iBNNXefPwsXFjM//IiSdJm1J1nc YKSti/PFAw== ) edu. 900 IN SOA ( a.edu-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1791945274 ;serial 1800 ;refresh 900 ;retry 604800 ;expire 900 ;minimum ) edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( SOA 13 1 900 20261021023434 20261014012434 6705 edu. kLLkbbC7zWduT0auFaENPSV2BaUtmcEB1naTnWcgDwKH4QZhF/7ibBNJzeFaqqadKLj4nJfi2GVW qxeFjIs9vQ== ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 84r3vll0i0qrhsi5n9sj2knksff0jnmp NS DS RRSIG ) 81UV3SQLCB4SE03LD7PLE8UB7GH4EU8B.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20261020034154 20261013023154 6705 edu. rL+V8cfa6PUeB4jNuiDmzpecf7bRpziOGfVFFwa4Iq708IYA0Zi9mg7VXuBthSTrdM2uSyE6mfQi BaIZQbaEWA== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	No DS records found for columbia.edu in the edu zone
	Query to auth2.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/DNSKEY
	Received 96 bytes from 66.28.0.30
	;; Response received from [66.28.0.30] 96 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 6650 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 1 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (1 record) columbia.edu. 300 IN SOA ( ext-ns1.columbia.edu. hostmaster.columbia.edu. 94459 ;serial 3600 ;refresh 1800 ;retry 2419200 ;expire 300 ;minimum ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	No DNSKEY records found
	Query to auth1.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/A
	Received 250 bytes from 66.28.0.14
	;; Response received from [66.28.0.14] 250 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 15962 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 4 arcount = 4 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.128.65 columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.138.64 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (4 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth2.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ns1.lse.ac.uk. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth1.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ext-ns1.columbia.edu. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (4 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 128.59.1.1 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8::35 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8:1::1:1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	auth1.dns.cogentco.com is authoritative for columbia.edu
	Query to ext-ns1.columbia.edu for columbia.edu/SOA
	Received 96 bytes from 128.59.1.1
	;; Response received from [128.59.1.1] 96 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 13479 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 1 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1220, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN SOA ;; ANSWER SECTION (1 record) columbia.edu. 3600 IN SOA ( ext-ns1.columbia.edu. hostmaster.columbia.edu. 94459 ;serial 3600 ;refresh 1800 ;retry 2419200 ;expire 300 ;minimum ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to auth2.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/SOA
	Received 265 bytes from 66.28.0.30
	;; Response received from [66.28.0.30] 265 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 52455 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 1 ;; nscount = 4 arcount = 4 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN SOA ;; ANSWER SECTION (1 record) columbia.edu. 3600 IN SOA ( ext-ns1.columbia.edu. hostmaster.columbia.edu. 94459 ;serial 3600 ;refresh 1800 ;retry 2419200 ;expire 300 ;minimum ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (4 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ext-ns1.columbia.edu. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth1.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ns1.lse.ac.uk. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth2.dns.cogentco.com. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (4 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 128.59.1.1 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8::35 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8:1::1:1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to ns1.lse.ac.uk for columbia.edu/SOA
	Received 168 bytes from 158.143.96.8
	;; Response received from [158.143.96.8] 168 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 65195 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 1 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 4 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4000, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN SOA ;; ANSWER SECTION (1 record) columbia.edu. 3600 IN SOA ( ext-ns1.columbia.edu. hostmaster.columbia.edu. 94459 ;serial 3600 ;refresh 1800 ;retry 2419200 ;expire 300 ;minimum ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (4 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 128.59.1.1 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8::35 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8:1::1:1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to auth1.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/A
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.128.65
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.138.64
	No RRSIGs found

columbia.edu

	Query to ext-ns1.columbia.edu for columbia.edu/A
	Received 73 bytes from 128.59.1.1
	;; Response received from [128.59.1.1] 73 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 9473 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1220, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.138.64 columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.128.65 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	ext-ns1.columbia.edu is authoritative for columbia.edu
	Query to ext-ns1.columbia.edu for columbia.edu/A
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.138.64
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.128.65
	No RRSIGs found

columbia.edu

	Query to ns1.lse.ac.uk for columbia.edu/A
	Received 73 bytes from 158.143.96.8
	;; Response received from [158.143.96.8] 73 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 12331 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4000, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.138.64 columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.128.65 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	ns1.lse.ac.uk is authoritative for columbia.edu
	Query to ns1.lse.ac.uk for columbia.edu/A
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.138.64
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.128.65
	No RRSIGs found

columbia.edu

	Query to auth2.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/A
	Received 250 bytes from 66.28.0.30
	;; Response received from [66.28.0.30] 250 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 59484 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 4 arcount = 4 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; columbia.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.138.64 columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 162.159.128.65 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (4 records) columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth1.dns.cogentco.com. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ext-ns1.columbia.edu. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS ns1.lse.ac.uk. columbia.edu. 3600 IN NS auth2.dns.cogentco.com. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (4 records) ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN A 128.59.1.1 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8::35 ext-ns1.columbia.edu. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:18d8:1::1:1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	auth2.dns.cogentco.com is authoritative for columbia.edu
	Query to auth2.dns.cogentco.com for columbia.edu/A
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.138.64
	columbia.edu A RR has value 162.159.128.65
	No RRSIGs found

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