DNSSEC Debugger

Domain Name:

Time: 2025-07-02 04:12:55 UTC

Analyzing DNSSEC problems for usc.edu

DS=20326/SHA-256 is now in the chain-of-trust

	Checking DS between Trust Anchor and .
	`. IN DS ( 20326 8 2 e06d44b80b8f1d39a95c0b0d7c65d08458e880409bbc683457104237c7f8ec8d )`
	Query to j.root-servers.net for ./DNSKEY
	Received 1414 bytes from 192.58.128.30
	;; Response received from [192.58.128.30] 1414 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 28997 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 5 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1472, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; . IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (5 records) . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAbEbGCpGTDrcZTWqWWE72nphyshpRcILdzCVlBGU9Ln1Fui9kkseUOP+g5GLUeVFKdTloeRT A9+EYiQdXgWXmXmuW/nGxZjAikluF/O9NzLVrr5iZnth2xu+F48nrJlAgWWiMNau54NI5sZ3iVQf hFsq2pZmf43RauRPniYMShOLO7EBWWXr5glDSgZGS9fSm6xHwwF+g8D4m8oanjvdCBNxXzSEKS31 ibxjLifTfvwCg3y4XXcNW9U6Nu3JmoKUdxqpPPIkBvVQbIz4UO2FwaR13uXC03ALP1Yx2QNSS4SZ lcIMtAftQR9wtCiuPWQnFv4jkzWqlhp1Lmf7bcoL9yk= ) ; keytag 53148 . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAaz/tAm8yTn4Mfeh5eyI96WSVexTBAvkMgJzkKTOiW1vkIbzxeF3+/4RgWOq7HrxRixHlFlE xOLAJr5emLvN7SWXgnLh4+B5xQlNVz8Og8kvArMtNROxVQuCaSnIDdD5LKyWbRd2n9WGe2R8PzgC mr3EgVLrjyBxWezF0jLHwVN8efS3rCj/EWgvIWgb9tarpVUDK/b58Da+sqqls3eNbuv7pr+eoZG+ SrDK6nWeL3c6H5Apxz7LjVc1uTIdsIXxuOLYA4/ilBmSVIzuDWfdRUfhHdY6+cn8HFRm+2hM8AnX GXws9555KrUB5qihylGa8subX2Nn6UwNR1AkUTV74bU= ) ; keytag 20326 . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAa96jeuknZlaeSrvyAJj6ZHv28hhOKkx3rLGXVaC6rXTsDc449/cidltpkyGwCJNnOAlFNKF 2jBosZBU5eeHspaQWOmOElZsjICMQMC3aeHbGiShvZsx4wMYSjH8e7Vrhbu6irwCzVBApESjbUdp WWmEnhathWu1jo+siFUiRAAxm9qyJNg/wOZqqzL/dL/q8PkcRU5oUKEpUge71M3ej2/7CPqpdVwu MoTvoB+ZOT4YeGyxMvHmbrxlFzGOHOijtzN+u1TQNatX2XBuzZNQ1K+s2CXkPIZo7s6JgZyvaBev YtxPvYLw4z9mR7K2vaF18UYH9Z9GNUUeayffKC73PYc= ) ; keytag 38696 . 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAbauxLSFZ+KSWi2cT6TJbm3d+GIVqb2N1XnDjMsRme0b6JlGp/cvwmM5CaJ5LQ7tG1r7LuTH jYZadtbNk2nZmclq9r4KInS48ungoAZb0gJXVw8IvBTBb1YWQmiBqD285pJuORwTii7DF++nNJJk 3i55HJt9SmBI7m7t8nvx7OOY/w0inxg3fLH2uY0SKO8he4FGwMc4Ubiab8N8Yhyhh+FkKKdD/+oA cuGF75PjlSXO460B4MlNLlEcjDEzIsKauRYx4YVgSaNomGhMMFblmXRzgW+1R6ywvm5mC9+omlyy izZp2GJfPwGMezuKSGDndO6CYYEc5/lsRhvBYsGjdPM= ) ; keytag 46441 . 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 8 0 172800 20250722000000 20250701000000 20326 . UGhOn2e0xbV2um4IqDwLtkXZVqk32Dz6Orahd8l3n5pQxAPO+PzC96lwt3YdDLFpzmu1FqPWugCK eq5uju1L2DklkEX7hnvBKKzb/Q2dkEA1w85dQQH34II778mePR3fvIDckntFXGsT9a8tdN9tFaP+ qJiwgtNbiKej8YheeX/DAAmZPn0s6/Bg3cLuozR9FXAwkgrA3rjcRpN/jKhPSauHvsin7gCbcUjs jA+P3l9y4Izc5ibPfdUIxVaTUt+OofHUV9VaZoexMQKwggIE78BLAs7AsP7KwlXDB8++Cy6IXVcg +9Gzv3k/gJokM3UHOGa0UrSfCIAKlfMFYADJBA== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 4 DNSKEY records for .
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAbEbGCpGTDrcZTWqWWE72nphyshpRcILdzCVlBGU9Ln1Fui9kkseUOP+g5GLUeVFKdTloeRT A9+EYiQdXgWXmXmuW/nGxZjAikluF/O9NzLVrr5iZnth2xu+F48nrJlAgWWiMNau54NI5sZ3iVQf hFsq2pZmf43RauRPniYMShOLO7EBWWXr5glDSgZGS9fSm6xHwwF+g8D4m8oanjvdCBNxXzSEKS31 ibxjLifTfvwCg3y4XXcNW9U6Nu3JmoKUdxqpPPIkBvVQbIz4UO2FwaR13uXC03ALP1Yx2QNSS4SZ lcIMtAftQR9wtCiuPWQnFv4jkzWqlhp1Lmf7bcoL9yk= ) ; keytag 53148`
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAaz/tAm8yTn4Mfeh5eyI96WSVexTBAvkMgJzkKTOiW1vkIbzxeF3+/4RgWOq7HrxRixHlFlE xOLAJr5emLvN7SWXgnLh4+B5xQlNVz8Og8kvArMtNROxVQuCaSnIDdD5LKyWbRd2n9WGe2R8PzgC mr3EgVLrjyBxWezF0jLHwVN8efS3rCj/EWgvIWgb9tarpVUDK/b58Da+sqqls3eNbuv7pr+eoZG+ SrDK6nWeL3c6H5Apxz7LjVc1uTIdsIXxuOLYA4/ilBmSVIzuDWfdRUfhHdY6+cn8HFRm+2hM8AnX GXws9555KrUB5qihylGa8subX2Nn6UwNR1AkUTV74bU= ) ; keytag 20326`
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 8 AwEAAa96jeuknZlaeSrvyAJj6ZHv28hhOKkx3rLGXVaC6rXTsDc449/cidltpkyGwCJNnOAlFNKF 2jBosZBU5eeHspaQWOmOElZsjICMQMC3aeHbGiShvZsx4wMYSjH8e7Vrhbu6irwCzVBApESjbUdp WWmEnhathWu1jo+siFUiRAAxm9qyJNg/wOZqqzL/dL/q8PkcRU5oUKEpUge71M3ej2/7CPqpdVwu MoTvoB+ZOT4YeGyxMvHmbrxlFzGOHOijtzN+u1TQNatX2XBuzZNQ1K+s2CXkPIZo7s6JgZyvaBev YtxPvYLw4z9mR7K2vaF18UYH9Z9GNUUeayffKC73PYc= ) ; keytag 38696`
	`. 172800 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 8 AwEAAbauxLSFZ+KSWi2cT6TJbm3d+GIVqb2N1XnDjMsRme0b6JlGp/cvwmM5CaJ5LQ7tG1r7LuTH jYZadtbNk2nZmclq9r4KInS48ungoAZb0gJXVw8IvBTBb1YWQmiBqD285pJuORwTii7DF++nNJJk 3i55HJt9SmBI7m7t8nvx7OOY/w0inxg3fLH2uY0SKO8he4FGwMc4Ubiab8N8Yhyhh+FkKKdD/+oA cuGF75PjlSXO460B4MlNLlEcjDEzIsKauRYx4YVgSaNomGhMMFblmXRzgW+1R6ywvm5mC9+omlyy izZp2GJfPwGMezuKSGDndO6CYYEc5/lsRhvBYsGjdPM= ) ; keytag 46441`
	DNSKEY=20326/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DS=20326/SHA-256 verifies DNSKEY=20326/SEP
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DNSKEY RRset
	`. 172800 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 8 0 172800 20250722000000 20250701000000 20326 . UGhOn2e0xbV2um4IqDwLtkXZVqk32Dz6Orahd8l3n5pQxAPO+PzC96lwt3YdDLFpzmu1FqPWugCK eq5uju1L2DklkEX7hnvBKKzb/Q2dkEA1w85dQQH34II778mePR3fvIDckntFXGsT9a8tdN9tFaP+ qJiwgtNbiKej8YheeX/DAAmZPn0s6/Bg3cLuozR9FXAwkgrA3rjcRpN/jKhPSauHvsin7gCbcUjs jA+P3l9y4Izc5ibPfdUIxVaTUt+OofHUV9VaZoexMQKwggIE78BLAs7AsP7KwlXDB8++Cy6IXVcg +9Gzv3k/gJokM3UHOGa0UrSfCIAKlfMFYADJBA== )`
	RRSIG=20326 and DNSKEY=20326/SEP verifies the DNSKEY RRset
	DNSKEY=53148 is now in the chain-of-trust
	DNSKEY=38696/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DNSKEY=46441 is now in the chain-of-trust
	Query to k.root-servers.net for usc.edu/A
	Received 1166 bytes from 193.0.14.129
	;; Response received from [193.0.14.129] 1166 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 48630 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 15 arcount = 27 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (15 records) edu. 172800 IN NS a.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS b.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS c.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS d.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS e.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS f.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS g.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS h.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS i.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS j.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS k.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS l.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS m.edu-servers.net. edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20250714170000 20250701160000 46441 . m1yXVYBpTXRozz2mfe54eCM18WDaovCNH3NN6L3g8A8rdOwmRyyrpoYiRV2AaBswP3JzBUoKxMcb a/U2nEjBi0gn21qk8AMoGV3FD+0cTXrgOszlZjhjPCDzu/M4nBFYpxWh51UkSA31jXEvzupN+28Y eiPbKwid6k40rLIR+4NrmvVv00dsPbz+mL7sog0PcXcl0pqi6JOKXNDJayoNgzq1s9nRXu44AJ5Q MaGtpqVjVIMewEZP+7waEJJm/qapUUM8tT8gL/1l0h0VdqgMreVpzL+KIS2yuEkeGu+CeTcft2T2 ib3FveEF5xvSjL9DDPaGKuyq8d6jnhf+M6IRfA== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (27 records) a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.33.14.30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:231d::2:30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.26.92.30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:83eb::30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.31.80.30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:856e::30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.12.94.30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:1ca1::30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.35.51.30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d414::30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.42.93.30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:eea3::30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.54.112.30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:8cc::30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.43.172.30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:39c1::30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.48.79.30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:7094::30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.52.178.30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d2d::30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.41.162.30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:d937::30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.55.83.30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:501:b1f9::30 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to i.root-servers.net for edu/DNSKEY
	Received 1162 bytes from 192.36.148.17
	;; Response received from [192.36.148.17] 1162 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 38924 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 15 arcount = 27 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (15 records) edu. 172800 IN NS g.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS b.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS f.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS h.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS e.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS c.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS l.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS d.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS m.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS j.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS k.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS a.edu-servers.net. edu. 172800 IN NS i.edu-servers.net. edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20250714170000 20250701160000 46441 . m1yXVYBpTXRozz2mfe54eCM18WDaovCNH3NN6L3g8A8rdOwmRyyrpoYiRV2AaBswP3JzBUoKxMcb a/U2nEjBi0gn21qk8AMoGV3FD+0cTXrgOszlZjhjPCDzu/M4nBFYpxWh51UkSA31jXEvzupN+28Y eiPbKwid6k40rLIR+4NrmvVv00dsPbz+mL7sog0PcXcl0pqi6JOKXNDJayoNgzq1s9nRXu44AJ5Q MaGtpqVjVIMewEZP+7waEJJm/qapUUM8tT8gL/1l0h0VdqgMreVpzL+KIS2yuEkeGu+CeTcft2T2 ib3FveEF5xvSjL9DDPaGKuyq8d6jnhf+M6IRfA== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (27 records) m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.55.83.30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.41.162.30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.52.178.30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.48.79.30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.43.172.30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.54.112.30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.42.93.30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.35.51.30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.12.94.30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.31.80.30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.26.92.30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.33.14.30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 m.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:501:b1f9::30 l.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:d937::30 k.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d2d::30 j.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:7094::30 i.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:39c1::30 h.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:8cc::30 g.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:eea3::30 f.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d414::30 e.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:1ca1::30 d.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:856e::30 c.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:83eb::30 b.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:231d::2:30 a.edu-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found child zone edu

edu

	Checking DS between . and edu
	Query to k.root-servers.net for edu/DS
	Received 367 bytes from 193.0.14.129
	;; Response received from [193.0.14.129] 367 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 14634 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DS ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d ) edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20250714170000 20250701160000 46441 . m1yXVYBpTXRozz2mfe54eCM18WDaovCNH3NN6L3g8A8rdOwmRyyrpoYiRV2AaBswP3JzBUoKxMcb a/U2nEjBi0gn21qk8AMoGV3FD+0cTXrgOszlZjhjPCDzu/M4nBFYpxWh51UkSA31jXEvzupN+28Y eiPbKwid6k40rLIR+4NrmvVv00dsPbz+mL7sog0PcXcl0pqi6JOKXNDJayoNgzq1s9nRXu44AJ5Q MaGtpqVjVIMewEZP+7waEJJm/qapUUM8tT8gL/1l0h0VdqgMreVpzL+KIS2yuEkeGu+CeTcft2T2 ib3FveEF5xvSjL9DDPaGKuyq8d6jnhf+M6IRfA== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 1 DS records for edu in the . zone
	DS=35663/SHA-256 has algorithm ECDSAP256SHA256
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DS RRset
	`edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DS 8 1 86400 20250714170000 20250701160000 46441 . m1yXVYBpTXRozz2mfe54eCM18WDaovCNH3NN6L3g8A8rdOwmRyyrpoYiRV2AaBswP3JzBUoKxMcb a/U2nEjBi0gn21qk8AMoGV3FD+0cTXrgOszlZjhjPCDzu/M4nBFYpxWh51UkSA31jXEvzupN+28Y eiPbKwid6k40rLIR+4NrmvVv00dsPbz+mL7sog0PcXcl0pqi6JOKXNDJayoNgzq1s9nRXu44AJ5Q MaGtpqVjVIMewEZP+7waEJJm/qapUUM8tT8gL/1l0h0VdqgMreVpzL+KIS2yuEkeGu+CeTcft2T2 ib3FveEF5xvSjL9DDPaGKuyq8d6jnhf+M6IRfA== )`
	RRSIG=46441 and DNSKEY=46441 verifies the DS RRset
	DS=35663/SHA-256 is now in the chain-of-trust
	`edu. 86400 IN DS ( 35663 13 2 a2e1614291831a4746b5ac52b4b345357687271e85353082741f1cf3d06a4c1d )`
	Query to h.edu-servers.net for edu/DNSKEY
	Received 291 bytes from 192.54.112.30
	;; Response received from [192.54.112.30] 291 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 12964 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 3 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (3 records) edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 vqk4cwmCpZkXat25PaOVt3RPYDOmCr8B4D1IynrqSqzs+BeCYI6pnBNRUD9BgfqbxZHyfyDz6vbv 8KQaT7maRw== ) ; keytag 35663 edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 5ImtzG5OqHjNCOhBhQ+IzNMnu0KKRiLUf5wOtBlFSIlmoG0Nv7rhyhCBj2PzyDy3+V0Ncgr5z1GD hOM2W3JcFQ== ) ; keytag 57579 edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20250714151114 20250629150614 35663 edu. 0LVnsibesovcGuT8UNQJyw3kMfBbyRGsHBViUGZEljK+SxzrCOh70syy6np70GZSkxvQVm05sV2z CL9PfncW+A== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 2 DNSKEY records for edu
	`edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 vqk4cwmCpZkXat25PaOVt3RPYDOmCr8B4D1IynrqSqzs+BeCYI6pnBNRUD9BgfqbxZHyfyDz6vbv 8KQaT7maRw== ) ; keytag 35663`
	`edu. 86400 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 5ImtzG5OqHjNCOhBhQ+IzNMnu0KKRiLUf5wOtBlFSIlmoG0Nv7rhyhCBj2PzyDy3+V0Ncgr5z1GD hOM2W3JcFQ== ) ; keytag 57579`
	DNSKEY=35663/SEP is now in the chain-of-trust
	DS=35663/SHA-256 verifies DNSKEY=35663/SEP
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DNSKEY RRset
	`edu. 86400 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 1 86400 20250714151114 20250629150614 35663 edu. 0LVnsibesovcGuT8UNQJyw3kMfBbyRGsHBViUGZEljK+SxzrCOh70syy6np70GZSkxvQVm05sV2z CL9PfncW+A== )`
	RRSIG=35663 and DNSKEY=35663/SEP verifies the DNSKEY RRset
	DNSKEY=57579 is now in the chain-of-trust
	Query to a.edu-servers.net for usc.edu/A
	Received 459 bytes from 192.5.6.30
	;; Response received from [192.5.6.30] 459 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 64912 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 6 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (6 records) usc.edu. 172800 IN NS ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com. usc.edu. 172800 IN NS ns0163.secondary.cloudflare.com. 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250708023830 20250701012830 57579 edu. afQN/t4m1NrVilav1bidHfqh/ApGJKanM7VAlC4cn2FZeU492laWXGu2qXrz2uGwY0KYyTXqCfhe O63Z99TNRg== ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 4rill75e0iv4h95foske920flo57kj6q NS DS RRSIG ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250706060150 20250629045150 57579 edu. Z8PaY4hPY7F16xOKUZR94uyxhsgZydeUfCjp4bf3GMPq1o9s+HfrUt8smpRCwVduDdFIWTNnFg3s dXGPzYk6Ew== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to a.edu-servers.net for usc.edu/DNSKEY
	Received 459 bytes from 192.5.6.30
	;; Response received from [192.5.6.30] 459 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 47954 ;; qr = 1 aa = 0 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 6 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (6 records) usc.edu. 172800 IN NS ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com. usc.edu. 172800 IN NS ns0163.secondary.cloudflare.com. 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250708023830 20250701012830 57579 edu. afQN/t4m1NrVilav1bidHfqh/ApGJKanM7VAlC4cn2FZeU492laWXGu2qXrz2uGwY0KYyTXqCfhe O63Z99TNRg== ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 4rill75e0iv4h95foske920flo57kj6q NS DS RRSIG ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250706060150 20250629045150 57579 edu. Z8PaY4hPY7F16xOKUZR94uyxhsgZydeUfCjp4bf3GMPq1o9s+HfrUt8smpRCwVduDdFIWTNnFg3s dXGPzYk6Ew== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found child zone usc.edu

usc.edu

	Checking DS between edu and usc.edu
	Query to f.edu-servers.net for usc.edu/DS
	Received 567 bytes from 192.35.51.30
	;; Response received from [192.35.51.30] 567 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 43104 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 0 ;; nscount = 6 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 4096, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN DS ;; ANSWER SECTION (0 records) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (6 records) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 9irjmuel398sejh8crdik2h2k85k5243 NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM ) 9DHS4EP5G85PF9NUFK06HEK0O48QGK77.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250708023830 20250701012830 57579 edu. afQN/t4m1NrVilav1bidHfqh/ApGJKanM7VAlC4cn2FZeU492laWXGu2qXrz2uGwY0KYyTXqCfhe O63Z99TNRg== ) edu. 900 IN SOA ( a.edu-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 1751429553 ;serial 1800 ;refresh 900 ;retry 604800 ;expire 900 ;minimum ) edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( SOA 13 1 900 20250709041233 20250702030233 57579 edu. lEyiDZ/RfARGgmntvGOhL++mc/MCq8290Npj6AjYMcHxkwv7wM9dmr/3KWY99+2Fw1Tx+cXfH8P6 yJxhluNreA== ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN NSEC3 ( 1 1 0 - 4rill75e0iv4h95foske920flo57kj6q NS DS RRSIG ) 4IBM58I92QCLNC6G9LN2I7EFJAFLA8VL.edu. 900 IN RRSIG ( NSEC3 13 2 900 20250706060150 20250629045150 57579 edu. Z8PaY4hPY7F16xOKUZR94uyxhsgZydeUfCjp4bf3GMPq1o9s+HfrUt8smpRCwVduDdFIWTNnFg3s dXGPzYk6Ew== ) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	No DS records found for usc.edu in the edu zone
	Query to ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/DNSKEY
	Received 299 bytes from 162.159.32.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.32.38] 299 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 38416 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 3 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN DNSKEY ;; ANSWER SECTION (3 records) usc.edu. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 mdsswUyr3DPW132mOi8V9xESWE8jTo0dxCjjnopKl+GqJxpVXckHAeF+KkxLbxILfDLUT0rAK9iU zy1L53eKGQ== ) ; keytag 2371 usc.edu. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 oJMRESz5E4gYzS/q6XDrvU1qMPYIjCWzJaOau8XNEZeqCYKD5ar0IRd8KqXXFJkqmVfRvMGPmM1x 8fGAa2XhSA== ) ; keytag 34505 usc.edu. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600 20250824202038 20250624202038 2371 usc.edu. Kdob6hg2cuJmpFeba3Lrg63MZjEWUtwXQFxXE2GF7UsEUgY9jgBdZ/wONdHrhwIFSZhIuhyRacFR YoTfYJkI6w== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Found 2 DNSKEY records for usc.edu
	`usc.edu. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 257 3 13 mdsswUyr3DPW132mOi8V9xESWE8jTo0dxCjjnopKl+GqJxpVXckHAeF+KkxLbxILfDLUT0rAK9iU zy1L53eKGQ== ) ; keytag 2371`
	`usc.edu. 3600 IN DNSKEY ( 256 3 13 oJMRESz5E4gYzS/q6XDrvU1qMPYIjCWzJaOau8XNEZeqCYKD5ar0IRd8KqXXFJkqmVfRvMGPmM1x 8fGAa2XhSA== ) ; keytag 34505`
	Found 1 RRSIGs over DNSKEY RRset
	`usc.edu. 3600 IN RRSIG ( DNSKEY 13 2 3600 20250824202038 20250624202038 2371 usc.edu. Kdob6hg2cuJmpFeba3Lrg63MZjEWUtwXQFxXE2GF7UsEUgY9jgBdZ/wONdHrhwIFSZhIuhyRacFR YoTfYJkI6w== )`
	RRSIG=2371 and DNSKEY=2371/SEP verifies the DNSKEY RRset
	Query to ns0163.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/A
	Received 155 bytes from 162.159.33.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.33.38] 155 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 39835 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) usc.edu. 10 IN A 23.185.0.3 usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. NvC/79fsspPAgz9bhbZWjBj8WgHOhKkkiGr8owddRRCReyNQC5Q5FzifnSq6UIWclwYYmjUfG+89 UINr9vFCiA== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	ns0163.secondary.cloudflare.com is authoritative for usc.edu
	Found RRSIG signed by usc.edu zone
	Query to ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/SOA
	Received 211 bytes from 162.159.32.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.32.38] 211 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 43991 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN SOA ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) usc.edu. 3600 IN SOA ( ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com. root.usc.edu. 703877252 ;serial 3600 ;refresh 1800 ;retry 360000 ;expire 3600 ;minimum ) usc.edu. 3600 IN RRSIG ( SOA 13 2 3600 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. GgACE+3nNSvp9V2BL3oMPmMpQHtvtDx8VBBmrflw6oqQPD1PWTAWUfcjp8OudGxvtR2NncDZP5hQ m6MBr+Ppqw== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	Query to ns0163.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/A
	Received 155 bytes from 162.159.33.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.33.38] 155 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 18025 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) usc.edu. 10 IN A 23.185.0.3 usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. 6/wHp0kuMprvq8PkQGKpqxDM7Xwy7Bd3GyAv29QyHXJ7gWPLyRQfDi0NIGIOn/gznUb4rzO8nsq0 pWzd62WRdA== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	usc.edu A RR has value 23.185.0.3
	Found 1 RRSIGs over A RRset
	`usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. 6/wHp0kuMprvq8PkQGKpqxDM7Xwy7Bd3GyAv29QyHXJ7gWPLyRQfDi0NIGIOn/gznUb4rzO8nsq0 pWzd62WRdA== )`
	RRSIG=34505 and DNSKEY=34505 verifies the A RRset

usc.edu

	Query to ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/A
	Received 155 bytes from 162.159.32.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.32.38] 155 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 26223 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) usc.edu. 10 IN A 23.185.0.3 usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. CHYVrOSjSCJJJNXStcJJHpvam/GF7m6III2+PXp7Cl9At901kylI40dNO7UqAot+zpjqojnga7+F 8Bs/RGziqQ== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com is authoritative for usc.edu
	Found RRSIG signed by usc.edu zone
	Query to ns0037.secondary.cloudflare.com for usc.edu/A
	Received 155 bytes from 162.159.32.38
	;; Response received from [162.159.32.38] 155 octets ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 30403 ;; qr = 1 aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 0 opcode = QUERY ;; ra = 0 z = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; do = 1 co = 0 ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 ;; nscount = 0 arcount = 1 ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0, ;; "FLAGS": "8000", ;; "RCODE": 0, ;; "UDPSIZE": 1232, ;; "OPTIONS": [ ] ;; } ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; usc.edu. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) usc.edu. 10 IN A 23.185.0.3 usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. uVkPrzZ+K5Bwu6QTxn1EDXTVVlzip9epyvBUcLOf9tkbRlmH0Jy0sAXNYf4YsdMK3NZwNaFYhfgX g/vdpRva/A== ) ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (1 record) ;; { "EDNS-VERSION": 0 }
	usc.edu A RR has value 23.185.0.3
	Found 1 RRSIGs over A RRset
	`usc.edu. 10 IN RRSIG ( A 13 2 10 20250703051256 20250701031256 34505 usc.edu. uVkPrzZ+K5Bwu6QTxn1EDXTVVlzip9epyvBUcLOf9tkbRlmH0Jy0sAXNYf4YsdMK3NZwNaFYhfgX g/vdpRva/A== )`
	RRSIG=34505 and DNSKEY=34505 verifies the A RRset

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DNSSEC Debugger

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